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tion of how to modernize and decarbonize a fleet, rather, 
it sharpens it. 
• For high-frequency routes with constrained shoreside real 
estate, defining features in urban areas, FCEVs offer a 
lower-disruption path to zero emissions than BEVs, with 
a TCO premium that narrows over time. FCEVs are also 
well-suited for remote long-haul routes where grid up-
grades are cost prohibitive.
• Where route schedules accommodate charging, clean 
power is cheap and accessible, and operators are able to 
coordinate with their utilities, ports, and local communi-
ties to build charging infrastructure, BEVs can be cost-ef-
fective and operationally sound.
As half the domestic fleet reaches end-of-life in the coming 
decade, operators will confront the prospect of transitioning 
their fleets to new propulsion systems. KPFF’s study shows 
operators can modernize and futureproof fleets without con-
siderable sacrifice. And, while transitioning to BEV or FCEV 
introduces risks that may feel obscure or insurmountable, 
managing them is a matter of careful planning and building 
the right partnerships. With that foundation in place, opera-
tors can adopt new technologies with confidence.
Seamus Nolan is the Director of Commercial & Gov-
ernment Affairs at SWITCH Maritime. At Switch, he 
leads engagement with partners to broaden SWITCH’s 
reach and expand its project pipeline of zero-emission 
vessels. Prior to joining Switch, Seamus served as a 
member of Senator Patrick Leahy’s economic policy 
team, where he worked at the intersections of infra-
structure investment, climate action, and economic 
development. Seamus also spent time at Avangrid 
Networks, where he developed investment strategies 
to accelerate transportation decarbonization. Seamus 
holds a B.A. from Middlebury College and an M.B.A. 
from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth.
SEAMUS NOLAN
DIRECTOR OF COMMERCIAL & 
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS, SWITCH MARITIME
About the Author 
Sea Change, is the only FCEV operating in the U.S. as it carries passengers across the San Francisco Bay.
PHOTO: SWITCH MARITIME LLC

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