b"FOGHORNFOCUS: MARINE PROPULSIONproduced by successive absorption ofcreates motion. The largest share40.1 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) neutrons on iron group seed nuclei,(58% in 2013) of the U.S. transpor- emissions in California, but ships under conditions of extremely hightation energy is consumed by cars,account for only 0.8 percent of the total.neutron fl ux. Stardust itself. light trucks, and motorcycles. BoatsAs noted above, a substantial The sources and uses of energyand ships account for four percent ofportion of the energy consumed gets in the U.S. can be seen in Figure 1.the U.S. transportation energy or 1.1rejected and does not directly result Roughly 28 percent of the total energypercent of the total energy demandin work being performed. A map consumed domestically is used inin the U.S. While this is small overall,of energy flows is called a Sankey transportation. Note that rejectedremember that regional impacts candiagram. When applied to a modern energy from transportation (the globalvary. For example, the California Aircruise ship, 47% of the energy produced warming component), is 22.4 Quads,Resources Board (CARB) estimates thatfrom burning fuel gets rejected into the while 5.95 Quads is the amount thatthe transportation sector accounts forenvironment as heat. As we examine different technologies, we will want to look at whether the effectiveness of transforming energy into actual work (motion) can be improved.Possible AlternativesSo, what will replace diesel? Let us The European World Leader,look at two approaches: different fuels and energy management.proudly serving America's nest ! One of the ways to reduce envi-ronmental impact is to use fuels with Reservations, Check-In, Port Automation, ePoS lower impact. These may be alternative fuels such as liquified natural gas or renewable fuels such as bio-diesel. Each fuel must be assessed for:Environmental ImpactDoes the fuel result in lower emissions?AvailabilityIs there a reliable source of supply?SafetyCan the fuel be safely handled by ships personnel during bunkering and operation?Energy DensityHow much volume is required for the fuel and its containment?CostCan the operation support the cost of the fuel including its creation, transportation, and storage?An ideal fuel would be one that could be safely used in existing pro-pulsion plants at a cost comparable to diesel but with significantly lower emissions. There have been several We care about your Customers proposed alternates to diesel, according to Comparison of Alternative Marine Worldwide, we serve over 33 million passengers, 5 millionFuels, DNV-GL, from September 25, vehicles and over a million cargo units annually. 2019. Their relative strengths and weak-nesses are shown in the table below.From whale watching to fine dining and from bay crossings Some of the fuels listed above can to ocean voyages; Carus has the answer.be used in internal combustion engines. Biodiesel, LNG, and methanol can all www.carus.com be injected into cylinders just like diesel 22OCTOBER 2020FOGHORN"